- Jul 01, 2019 I have read the last article and for now I do not need to use DependencyService. My actual problem is that I need that file to be in a folder inside the app (it does not matter if it is to Assets, or to a custom folder). It just needs to be accessible so I can write to it. Also, I need to be able to get an actual path of that file.
- This new file system unleashes the full potential of SSD drives for faster storage, easy retrieval of files, and securing files. Features added to this new file management system include snapshots, crash reporting, space sharing, and cloning to name but a few. Mac users upgrading to the Catalina need to convert their drives to APFS first.
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Since the popularity of tablets, and subsequently large-screen smartphones, digital book reading has gone mobile. But, reading on a computer is still a popular past time, and for some, it's the best way to digest the classics, bestsellers, and undiscovered gems. If you have a folder full of eBooks and want to know which reader is perfect for your needs, you'll find what you're looking for right now.
The 1.9.2 version of Assets for Mac is provided as a free download on our website. The actual developer of this Mac application is By Jeffrey Sambells. This Mac download was checked by our built-in antivirus and was rated as safe.
I'd like to take a moment to clarify that this list is for apps that you can download onto your Mac. There are some great e-readers that are web-based, but I've decided not to include them on this list. If you have a favorite web browser e-reader, please feel free to add it to the comments section so others can find out about it.
iBooks
Every Mac comes with iBooks installed. It is perfectly designed to work, not only on your computer but also across all of your mobile devices. So, you can read a chapter or two on your Mac, and pick up on your iPad or iPhone without missing a beat. There is a quick-access button that lets you browse the iBooks Store, where you can download content to iCloud and access on all your supported Apple devices. You can also drag-and-drop PDFs to iTunes from your Mac, so if you've got a great book that isn't in ePub form, you can still read it in iBooks.
As for the features, iBooks on the Mac has most of the same tools and themes as iBooks on iPhone and iPad, like color options, text size and style customizations, highlighting tools, dictionary lookup, notes, sharing, illustration rendering, voice over, and more.
If you are knee-deep in the Apple ecosystem, iBooks is the best e-reader on your Mac. You'll love the ability to sync your eBooks and audiobooks across all of your devices.
Kindle
The Kindle reader on Mac is ideal for people that purchase, rent or borrow books from Amazon, which supplies the largest digital book collection. When you sign in to your Amazon account, you can access all Amazon books in your library. You can't browse the Amazon books store from the Kindle app, but when you buy a book on Amazon, it will be added to your collection, which you can access from all your devices, whether they are Apple, Android, or Windows. Amazon supports borrowing books, renting textbooks, sampling books, and more. It is especially beneficial to Prime subscribers. Prime reading offers hundreds of free ebooks, magazines, and more. Kindle Unlimited, which is a subscription-based service, lets you read about a million titles (including magazines and newspapers) for a monthly price.
Kindle on the Mac has plenty of customization features, too. You can change the theme to white, sepia, or black, and adjust the font size and style to tailor your reading experience. You can also add highlights and notes. One of my favorite features is the ability to browse through popular highlights from others that have also read the book.
If you have a collection of ebooks you've purchased from Amazon, or if you are a Prime subscriber, use Kindle for the Mac to read and sync your books across all of your devices.
- Free - Download now
OverDrive Read
OverDrive is the number one app for borrowing digital content from your local public library. All you need is an active library card and a PIN. Just like borrowing physical books, you can browse your library's entire collection of digital content and check out multiple titles at the same time. When you borrow an ebook or another item, you can download it on your Mac and access it as much as you want during your loan period. When your ebook is due, you don't have to worry about returning it to the library on time, it will automatically be removed from your Mac when your time is up.
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The OverDrive Read app on Mac is actually a web browser supported software program, but it's on this list because it is the officially supported app for borrowing books from public libraries.
Although you have to access the OverDrive Read on Mac from a web browser, you can download content for offline reading, listening, or watching. You'll need to bookmark the page so you can access it without an internet connection, but if you remember to download the content while you're online, you can continue reading while offline.
OverDrive Read includes tools for changing the color, adjusting the size and style of font, adding notes, highlighting, and voice over for some titles. It also supports fixed-layout digital books (like comics and magazines) so your favorite illustrated content doesn't look weird on your Mac.
If you want to read digital books, but prefer borrowing from your local library, OverDrive Read is your go-to app for accessing your loans on Mac.
- Free - Download now
Adobe Digital Editions
Adobe Digital Editions (ADE) is an ePub reader that makes it super easy to read digital books on your Mac without having to drag them into an app or upload them to a cloud server. Once ADE is on your Mac, you can select it as the reader for any ePub file, so you can get started reading right away. I use ADE for ebooks that I get from HumbleBundle. I occasionally use it for ebooks I download from my public library, too. It supports all ePub formats and PDF files.
You can add a bookmark and highlight text. You can also add notes to pages and passages. Searching a book for a specific word or phrase is as easy as using the Find feature on your Mac.
If you download and store a lot of ePub files, and don't want to upload them to iCloud for reading in iBooks, ADE is the next best thing.
- Free - Download now
BookReader
BookReader is the e-reader for all files. It supports EPUB, MOBI, PRC, AZW, FB2, Microsoft DOC, RTF, RTFd, xHTML, Webarchive and TXT. No matter what type of ebook you have on file, you can read it on BookReader. It only supports DRM-free files, though, so make sure your digital books don't have digital rights protections before you try to use it.
You can store all of your books in one bookshelf for easy access. It also has a few features that make book reading on the Mac a pleasant experience, like realistic page flipping, hypertext support, Text to Speech, and a fully customizable color option. You can make the font, background, and book border any color available on the spectrum.
If you tend to download a lot of different types of eBook files, you'll be happy with the level of support BookReader has. You can download a free, seven-day trial version to decide whether you want to invest further.
- $9.99 - Download now
Your favorites?
Do you use a specific e-reader as your go-to app on Mac? Let us know what it is in the comments and tell us why it's your favorite.
macOS Catalina
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Note: This chapter describes property list keys specific to the macOS implementation of App Sandbox. They are not available in iOS.
In your macOS Xcode project, configure fine-grained security permissions by enabling settings in the Summary tab of the target editor. These settings, in turn, add Boolean values to entitlement keys in the target’s .entitlements
property list file. The values are then incorporated into the target’s code signature when you build the project.
You can think of using App Sandbox entitlements as a two-step process:
Sandbox a target, which removes most capabilities for interacting with the system
Restore capabilities to the sandboxed target, as needed, by configuring App Sandbox entitlements
At runtime, if a target requires a capability or a system resource for which the target isn’t entitled, the sandbox daemon (sandboxd
) logs a violation message to the console.
For more information about App Sandbox, read App Sandbox Design Guide.
App Sandbox Entitlement Keys
This section describes the keys you can use to confer capabilities to a sandboxed app in macOS. The first key enables App Sandbox; the others configure the sandbox. If App Sandbox is not enabled, the other keys in this section are meaningless.
The value to use for any of these keys is a Boolean YES
or NO
, with the default value in each case being NO
. If you are editing the .entitlements
file directly in a text editor, the corresponding Boolean values to use are <true/>
and <false/>
. The default value for each key is false, so you can (and generally should) leave out the entitlement entirely rather than specifying a false value.
In cases where there are read-only and read/write entitlement key pairs, use of either key in the pair is mutually exclusive with the other.
Add these keys by using the Summary tab of the Xcode target editor. You can also add them directly to a target’s .entitlements
file with the Xcode property list editor.
For information on additional entitlements for handling special circumstances, see App Sandbox Temporary Exception Entitlements.
For each key in this table, providing a Boolean value of YES
enables the corresponding capability (unless otherwise noted).

Enables App Sandbox for a target in an Xcode project
Allows access to group containers that are shared among multiple apps produced by a single development team, and allows certain additional interprocess communication between the apps
Supported in macOS v10.7.5 and in v10.8.3 and later. The format for this attribute is described in Adding an App to an App Group.
Read-only access to the user’s Movies folder and iTunes movies
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Read/write access to the user’s Movies folder and iTunes movies
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Read-only access to the user’s Music folder
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Read/write access to the user’s Music folder
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Read-only access to the user’s Pictures folder
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Read/write access to the user’s Pictures folder
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Communication with AVB devices
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Interaction with Bluetooth devices
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Capture of movies and still images using the built-in camera, if available
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Interaction with FireWire devices (currently, does not support interaction with audio/video devices such as DV cameras)
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Recording of audio using the built-in microphone, if available, along with access to audio input using any Core Audio API that supports audio input
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Interaction with serial devices
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Interaction with USB devices, including HID devices such as joysticks
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Read/write access to the user’s Downloads folder
For details, see Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations.
Use of app-scoped bookmarks and URLs
For details, see Enabling Security-Scoped Bookmark and URL Access.

Use of document-scoped bookmarks and URLs
For details, see Enabling Security-Scoped Bookmark and URL Access.
Read-only access to files the user has selected using an Open or Save dialog
For details, see Enabling User-Selected File Access.
Read/write access to files the user has selected using an Open or Save dialog
For details, see Enabling User-Selected File Access.
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Allows apps to write executable files.
For details, see Enabling User-Selected File Access.
Child process inheritance of the parent’s sandbox
For details, see Enabling App Sandbox Inheritance.
Network socket for connecting to other machines
For details, see Enabling Network Access.
Network socket for listening for incoming connections initiated by other machines
For details, see Enabling Network Access.
com.apple.security.personal-information.addressbook

Read/write access to contacts in the user’s address book; allows apps to infer the default address book if more than one is present on a system
For details, see Enabling Personal Information Access.
Read/write access to the user’s calendars
For details, see Enabling Personal Information Access.
Use of the Core Location framework for determining the computer’s geographical location
For details, see Enabling Personal Information Access.
Printing
For details, see Enabling Hardware Access.
Ability to use specific AppleScript scripting access groups within a specific scriptable app
For details, see Enabling Scripting of Other Apps.
Enabling App Sandbox
My Assets App
You enable App Sandbox individually for each target in an macOS Xcode project. For example, you may design a project as a main app, and some helpers in the form of XPC services. You then enable and configure the sandbox for each target individually.
To learn how to enable App Sandbox for your macOS app, which includes performing code signing, see App Sandbox Quick Start in App Sandbox Design Guide. The essential step is to ensure that the target editor checkbox named in Table 4-1 is selected.
Setting | Entitlement key |
---|---|
Enable App Sandboxing |
|
Enabling User-Selected File Access
Xcode provides a pop-up menu, in the Summary tab of the target editor, with choices to enable read-only or read/write access to files and folders that the user explicitly selects. When you enable user-selected file access, you gain programmatic access to files and folders that the user opens using an NSOpenPanel
object, and files the user saves using an NSSavePanel
object.
Certain other user interactions, such as dragging items to your app or choosing items from the Open Recent menu, automatically expand your sandbox to include those items. Similarly, when macOS resumes an app after a reboot, the sandbox is automatically expanded to include any items that are automatically opened.
To enable user-selected file access in your app, use the Xcode target editor setting shown in Table 4-2.
Note: If your app needs to create executable files that are typically executed in some way other than through Launch Services (shell scripts, for example), you should also specify the com.apple.security.files.user-selected.executable
entitlement.
By default, when writing executable files in sandboxed apps, the files are quarantined. Gatekeeper prevents quarantined executable files and other similar files (shell scripts, web archives, and so on) from opening or executing unless the user explicitly launches them from Finder.
If those executables are tools that are intended to run from the command line, such as shell scripts, this presents a problem. With this flag, the file quarantine system allows the app to write non-quarantined executables so that Gatekeeper does not prevent them from executing.
This entitlement does not have an Xcode checkbox, and thus must be added to your app’s entitlement property list manually. For details, see App Sandbox Entitlement Keys.
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Setting | Entitlement keys |
---|---|
User Selected File |
|
Enabling Access to Files in Standard Locations
In addition to granting user-selected file access, you can employ entitlements to grant programmatic file access to the following user folders:
Downloads
Music
Movies
Pictures
The Xcode control for enabling Downloads folder access is a checkbox; the controls for enabling access to these other folders are pop-up menus.
When you enable programmatic access to the user’s Movies folder, you also gain access to their iTunes movies.
Reopening of files by macOS using Resume does not require the presence of any entitlement key.
To enable programmatic access to specific folders, use the Xcode target editor settings shown in Table 4-3.
Setting | Entitlement keys |
---|---|
Downloads Folder |
|
Music Folder |
|
Movies Folder |
|
Pictures Folder |
|
Enabling Security-Scoped Bookmark and URL Access
If you want to provide your sandboxed app with persistent access to file system resources, you must enable security-scoped bookmark and URL access. Security-scoped bookmarks are available starting in macOS v10.7.3.
To add the bookmarks.app-scope
or bookmarks.document-scope
entitlement, edit the target’s.entitlements
property list file using the Xcode property list editor. Use the entitlement keys shown in Table 4-4, depending on which type of access you want. Use a value of <true/>
for each entitlement you want to enable. You can enable either or both entitlements.
For more information on security-scoped bookmarks, read Security-Scoped Bookmarks and Persistent Resource Access in App Sandbox Design Guide.
Entitlement key | Description |
---|---|
| Enables use of app-scoped bookmarks and URLs |
| Enables use of document-scoped bookmarks and URLs. Version note: in macOS v10.7.3, this entitlement key was named |
Enabling Network Access
Xcode’s Network checkboxes in the Summary tab of the target editor let you enable network access for your app.
To enable your app to connect to a server process running on another machine (or on the same machine), enable outgoing network connections.
To enable opening a network listening socket so that other computers can connect to your app, allow incoming network connections.
Note: Both outgoing and incoming connections can send and receive data. The sole difference is in whether your app is initiating the connection or is receiving connections initiated by other apps or other hosts.
To enable network access, use the Xcode target editor settings shown in Table 4-5.
Setting | Entitlement key |
---|---|
Allow Incoming Connections |
|
Allow Outgoing Connections |
|
Enabling Hardware Access
To allow a sandboxed target to access hardware services on a system—USB, printing, or the built-in camera and microphone—enable the corresponding setting in the Summary tab of the Xcode target editor.
Camera access enables access to video and still image capture using the built-in camera, if available.
Microphone access enables access to audio recording using the built-in microphone, if available.
USB access enables the ability to interact with USB devices using USB device access APIs. On violation,
sandboxd
names the I/O Kit class your code tried to access.Printing access is required if you want to provide a target with the ability to print.
To enable access to hardware, use the Xcode target editor settings shown in Table 4-6.
Setting | Entitlement key |
---|---|
Allow Camera Access |
|
Allow Microphone Access |
|
Allow USB Access |
|
Allow Printing |
|
To allow access to hardware devices for which no checkbox exists in Xcode’s user interface, you must manually add the appropriate entitlement to your app’s entitlements property list. These additional entitlements are listed in Table 4-7. All of these keys take a Boolean value.
Entitlement key | Description |
---|---|
| Interaction with AVB devices by using the Audio Video Bridging framework |
| Interaction with Bluetooth devices |
| Interaction with FireWire devices (currently, does not support interaction with audio/video devices such as DV cameras) |
| Interaction with serial devices |
Enabling Personal Information Access
A user’s personal information is inaccessible to your sandboxed app unless you grant access using the appropriate settings.
Address Book access enables read/write access to contacts in the user’s address book.
Location Services access enables use of the Core Location framework to determine the computer’s geographic position.
Calendar access enables read/write access to the user’s calendars.
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To enable access to personal information, use the Xcode target editor settings shown in Table 4-8.
Setting | Entitlement key |
---|---|
Allow Address Book Data Access |
|
Allow Location Services Access |
|
Allow Calendar Data Access |
|
Adding an App to an App Group
The com.apple.security.application-groups
(available in macOS v10.7.5 and v10.8.3 and later) allows multiple apps produced by a single development team to share access to a special group container. This container is intended for content that is not user-facing, such as shared caches or databases.
In addition, this attribute allows the apps within the group to share Mach and POSIX semaphores and to use certain other IPC mechanisms among the group’s members. For additional details and naming conventions, read “Mach IPC and POSIX Semaphores and Shared Memory” in App Sandbox Design Guide.
The value for this key must be of type array
, and must contain one or more string
values, each of which must consist of your development team ID, followed by a period, followed by an arbitrary name chosen by your development team. For example:
The group containers are automatically created or added into each app’s sandbox container as determined by the existence of these keys. The group containers are stored in ~/Library/Group Containers/<application-group-id>
, where <application-group-id>
is one of the strings from the array. Your app can obtain the path to the group containers by calling the containerURLForSecurityApplicationGroupIdentifier:
method of NSFileManager
.
Enabling App Sandbox Inheritance
If your app employs a child process created with either the posix_spawn
function or the NSTask
class, you can configure the child process to inherit the sandbox of its parent. However, using a child process does not provide the security afforded by using an XPC service.
Important: XPC (as described in External Tools, XPC Services, and Privilege Separation) complements App Sandbox and is the preferred technology for implementing privilege separation in an macOS app. Before using a child process, consider using an XPC service instead.
To enable sandbox inheritance, a child target must use exactly two App Sandbox entitlement keys: com.apple.security.app-sandbox
and com.apple.security.inherit
. If you specify any other App Sandbox entitlement, the system aborts the child process. You can, however, confer other capabilities to a child process by way of iCloud and notification entitlements.
The main app in an Xcode project must never have a YES
value for the inherit
entitlement.
To add the inherit
entitlement, edit the target’s .entitlements
property list file using the Xcode property list editor. Use the entitlement key shown in Table 4-9 with a value of <true/>
.
Note: This property causes the child process to inherit only the static rights defined in the main app’s entitlements file, not any rights added to your sandbox after launch (such as PowerBox access to files).
If you need to provide access to files opened after launch, you must either pass the data to the helper or pass a bookmark to the child process. The bookmark need not be a security-scoped bookmark, but it can be, if desired.
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If you are using other APIs to create child processes (such as NSWorkspace
) and wish to have a shared container directory, you must use an app group.
Entitlement key | Description |
---|---|
| Enables App Sandbox inheritance |
Enabling Scripting of Other Apps
If your app needs to control another scriptable app, your app can use the scripting targets entitlement to request access to one or more of the scriptable app’s scripting access groups.
Note: Before you can use this entitlement, the scriptable app must provide scripting access groups. If it does not, you can still control the app, but you use a temporary exception entitlement instead. In some cases, you may use both scripting-targets
entitlement and a temporary entitlement together, to provide support across different versions of the OS. For more information, see Apple Event Temporary Exception.
Entitlement key | Description |
---|---|
| Ability to use specific AppleScript scripting access groups within a specific scriptable app |
The scripting target entitlement contains a dictionary where each entry has the target app’s code signing identifier as the key, and an array of scripting access groups as the value. Scripting access groups are identified by strings and are specific to an app. For example, the following entry would grant access to composing mail messages with Apple’s Mail app:
For more information about how to add scripting access groups to an app, watch WWDC 2012: Secure Automation Techniques in OS X and read the manual page for sdef
.
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